What they are
Free radicals are unstable molecules that form when atoms lose an electron. In the skin, they’re produced through natural metabolic processes and by exposure to external stressors such as UV radiation, pollution, cigarette smoke and environmental toxins. Because free radicals are chemically unstable, they try to stabilise themselves by stealing electrons from other molecules, leading to a chain reaction of cellular damage.
How free radicals work in skincare
In the skin, free radicals contribute to oxidative stress, which damages key structures such as collagen, elastin and cell membranes. Over time, this leads to visible signs of ageing like fine lines, uneven tone, dullness and rough texture. Free radical damage can also impair the skin barrier and increase inflammation, making the skin more reactive and prone to irritation.
Skincare products that target free radicals rely on antioxidants. These are ingredients that can safely donate electrons to free radicals, neutralising them before they cause further harm. Vitamin C helps brighten skin and protect collagen. Vitamin E stabilises cell membranes. Niacinamide improves barrier function while reducing inflammation. Using antioxidant serums, especially in the morning, adds a layer of environmental protection beneath sunscreen, helping skin stay resilient against daily stress.
